四川盆地早古生代构造热演化特征
何丽娟+黄方+刘琼颖+李春荣+汪集旸
基金项目：中国石油化工股份有限公司海相前瞻性研究项目(YPH08101)
摘要：四川盆地位于扬子板块西缘,是中国重要的含油气盆地之一，在震旦纪—早奥陶世处于裂陷特征的被动大陆边缘阶段。利用地球动力学理论在岩石圈尺度探讨盆地构造热演化特征，恢复早古生代热历史，为盆地生烃状态、生烃期次等研究提供重要热参数。首先，利用回剥技术得到盆地构造沉降史，并作为构造热演化模拟的目标函数；然后，基于二维多期拉张模型，分别与晚震旦世、寒武纪和奥陶纪等3个时期构造沉降量拟合得到3期拉张系数，揭示岩石圈底界和温度场的演化以及基底热流随时间的演化特征。模拟结果显示：在岩石圈拉张作用下，软流圈上涌形成热扰动，震旦纪时期基底热流值略有升高，其中高值主要分布在盆地西北与西南，而川东北受到的影响最小；热扰动在寒武纪有所减弱，至奥陶纪时期基本消失，盆地热流值呈缓慢下降趋势；盆地基底热流在早古生代始终在52~59 mW·m-2范围内。
关键词：构造热演化；多期拉张模型；早古生代；基底热流；岩石圈尺度；数值模拟；四川盆地
中图分类号：P314.2文献标志码：A
Tectonothermal Evolution of Sichuan Basin in Early Paleozoic
HE Lijuan, HUANG Fang, LIU Qiongying, LI Chunrong, WANG Jiyang
(Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geology
and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China)
Abstract: Sichuan Basin, located in the western margin of Yangtze Plate, is one of the important oilgasbearing basins in China. The basin is in the passive continental margin stage with rift in SinianOrdovician. The tectonothermal evolution of basin was simulated by a geodynamical method in the lithospheric scale, and the thermal history of Early Paleozoic was obtained in order to provide important thermal parameters for assessment of hydrocarbon generation of basin. The tectonic subsidence of basin was firstly calculated by backstripping technique to provide objective function for the tectonothermal modeling; secondly, based on twodimensional multiphase extensional model, three episode extensional coefficients were estimated through fitting with the tectonic subsidences of Late Sinian, Cambrian and Ordovician in order to reveal the evolution of lithospheric base and temperature, as well as the basal heat flow. The modeling results show that the thermal disturbance, which is induced due to lithospheric extension and upwelling of asthenosphere, increases the basal heat flow in Late Sinian, and the effects are high in the northwest and southwest of basin and little in the northeast; the thermal disturbance weakens in Cambrian and disappears gradually in Ordovician, and consequently the basal heat flow decreases slowly; the basal heat flow of basin is still 5259 mW·m-2 in Early Paleozoic.
Key words: tectonothermal evolution; multiphase extensional model; Early Paleozoic; basal heat flow; lithospheric scale; numerical modeling; Sichuan Basin
0引言
盆地热历史控制着油气的生成、运移、聚集以及保存等过程，是含油气盆地分析的重要环节。热历史的恢复可以利用岩石圈尺度的构造热演化方法或盆地尺度的古温标方法［15］进行。四川盆地现今大地热流值平均为53 mW·m-2,具有典型克拉通型盆地中低热流特征［6］。近年来，许多学者对四川盆地的热历史恢复作了很多工作［716］，研究结果表明早二叠世—中三叠世是盆地热演化的重要时期，其间盆地古热流达到了其历史最高值。传统古温标方法由于无法恢复盆地达到最高古地温以前的热历史，因而在四川盆地古生代热历史研究中受到局限。构造热演化模拟可以有效补充古地温方法在该盆地应用的局限性，填补该盆地早期热历史研究的空白。构造热演化模拟作为研究沉积盆地的重要手段之一，与古温标方法不同的是，构造热演化模型依赖于盆地成因类型。它必须建立在盆地成因机制的地质地球物理模型基础之上。
位于扬子克拉通的四川盆地是一个大型古生代—中新生代海相陆相叠合盆地,蕴含着丰富的油气资源［1722］。它经历了中—晚元古代扬子地台基底形成阶段、震旦纪—中三叠世被动大陆边缘阶段、晚三叠世盆山转换与前陆盆地形成演化阶段、侏罗纪—第四纪前陆盆地沉积构造演化阶段。其基本性质是多旋回叠合构造改造型盆地［23］。震旦纪开始的伸展作用在中国南方是区域性的［24］。扬子克拉通在震旦纪—早奥陶世处于裂陷特征的被动大陆边缘阶段。盆地内大型构造圈闭主要发育古生代—中生代烃源岩，形成多套生储盖组合，是重要的油气生、储场所，因此，对古生代热历史的研究迫在眉睫。笔者拟将多期拉张模型应用到四川盆地早古生代岩石圈拉张期(或称为伸展期)的热历史研究中，利用地球动力学方法在岩石圈尺度探讨盆地晚震旦世—奥陶纪构造热演化特征，为盆地生烃状态、生烃期次等研究提供热参数。
1模拟方法
本文采用的二维多期拉张模型［2528］是建立在岩石圈尺度，采用正演的方法，通过求解二维热传导方程，模拟盆地在形成演化过程中构造位移发生变化的同时，温度场和热流在时间和空间上的演化历史。研究手段是二维有限元方法，在拉格朗日坐标系下,通过网格节点位移描述模型(岩石圈、盆地)的构造形变、节点温度描述温度场的演变,从而再现盆地在拉张演化过程中的构造和热演化史。
在时间t=0时，初始岩石圈拉张，在横向上不同地区拉张系数不同，岩石圈减薄程度不同，因均衡补偿引起的初始沉降也不同。由于岩石圈减薄，热软流圈被动上拱，引起热扰动，随着时间推移，热扰动逐渐解体，引起热沉降［29］。在t1时刻，没有完全恢复至热平衡状态的岩石圈再次拉张，进一步减薄。第二次拉张岩石圈的初始温度场为前一期拉张结束时的温度场。温度场的变化满足二维瞬态热传导方程
ρcT t-(2KT 2x2+2KT y2)=Q(1)
式中：T为温度；K为热导率；ρ为密度；c为比热容；t为时间；Q为热流。
该模型忽略了沉积的影响，因此，模型计算的表面热流为基底热流。模型假定上、下边界温度始终保持不变，分别为0 ℃和1 330 ℃［29］；侧边界为绝热边界；放射性元素生热集中在初始上地壳10 km范围内，生热率为2.8 μW·m-3，从而使得地壳热流为28 mW·m-2 ［30］；下地壳、地幔没有放射性热源。模型参数见表1［1,2930］。
表1模型参数
Tab.1Modeling Parameters
参数名称 参数取值
原始岩石圈厚度/km 125
原始地壳厚度/km 35
0 ℃地幔物质密度/(kg·m-3) 3 330
0 ℃地壳物质密度/(kg·m-3) 2 800
岩石圈底部温度/℃ 1 330
地壳岩石热导率/(W·mK-1) 3.1
原始上地壳10 km岩石生热率/(μW·m-3) 2.8
下地壳岩石热导率/(W·mK-1) 2.6
热膨胀系数/K-1 3.28×10-5
地幔岩石热导率/(W·mK-1) 2.9
沉积盆地构造热演化模拟中，拉张系数是反映岩石圈拉张演化的重要参数。拉张系数β一般定义为初始地壳厚度与拉张后地壳厚度之比。对于只经历一次拉张的盆地而言，拉张后的地壳厚度即现今地壳厚度，很容易求得β。然而，对于经历多期拉张的古老盆地(如古生代的四川盆地)而言，当时的地壳厚度很难确定，那么各期的拉张系数就很难用简单的公式求得。另外，沉积盆地由于拉张而引起岩石圈减薄和初始沉降，同时引起温度场的变化。随着时间的推移，温度场的变化又引起热沉降。构造沉降和温度场演化是相互联系的，因此，拉张系数的计算不能忽略温度场的影响，应放在构造热演化模拟中求取。这里采用非瞬时或有限时(即拉张在一定时间内完成)多期拉张模型来模拟沉积盆地构造热演化，应用迭代法通过拟合构造沉降量来求取各期的拉张系数［25］。
2模拟结果
笔者选择了8条穿越四川盆地的剖面(位置见图1)，利用二维多期拉张模型对各剖面分别进行岩石圈尺度的构造热演化模拟。在构造热演化模拟之前需要利用回剥技术恢复盆地的沉积埋藏史和构造沉降史来作为模拟的目标函数。由于这里采用的是一维回剥技术，因此需要在剖面上每隔一段距离选取钻井或人工井来获取构造沉降数据。
图1四川盆地构造简图及模拟剖面和井的位置
Fig.1Tectonic Sketch of Sichun Basin and Positions of Modeling Profiles and Wells
为了详尽地描述模拟过程和结果，这里以位于川中地区及川东南地区4口钻井(位置见图1)为例进行剖析。它们分别是GK1、NvJ、DS1及Lin1井，钻井地层数据见表
2［31］。沉积盆地的埋藏史是指盆地中某一沉积单元自沉积开始至今的沉积过程，即是经过堆积、压实、抬升及剥蚀的动力学演化过程。一般采用压实校正的方法来恢复其沉积埋藏史。压实校正是把某一地层单元的实测厚度恢复到沉积时或埋藏过程中某一时期的厚度。压实主要是上覆地层质量使地层内流体排出,孔隙度减小，因此，校正前应得到盆地正常压实条件下孔隙度与埋深的关系。骨架密度(ρsg)为2 680 kg·m-3，孔隙度和埋深的一般关系为［32］
φ= φ0e-ez (2)
式中：φ为孔隙度；φ0为地表最大孔隙度，采用φ0=05；z为埋深；e为压实系数［33］，采用e=04。
然而，除了NvJ井，其余3口钻井都没有钻穿灯影组。区域对比分析表明［25,34］，川东南地区灯影组岩性、厚度较为稳定，均为局限台地白云岩、藻白云岩等，厚度一般为700~900 m，因此，Lin1、GK1井灯影组模拟厚度暂取700 m。利用回剥技术可以得到模拟井晚震旦世—早中奥陶世时期沉积埋藏史和构造沉降史［图2(a)、(b)］。结果显示：盆地在晚震旦世经历了快速沉降，构造沉降量(空盆沉降)达到600 m［图2(b)］，总沉降量超过1 700 m；到了寒武纪，沉降速率有所降低，但构造沉降量并不小，甚至超过震旦纪的构造沉降，此时盆地的沉降量已接近3 500 m；到了奥陶纪，无论是构造沉降量还是沉降速率都进一步降低。由于数据量庞大，剖面上其他人工井这里不再一一图示。
在构造沉降史研究基础之上，利用二维多期拉张模型即可分别模拟各剖面的构造热演化历史。岩石圈拉张模式为非瞬时(有限时)，每期拉张速率为匀减速模式
［26］。通过分别与剖面3个时期构造沉降量的拟合，可以得到岩石圈3期拉张演化阶段的拉张系数。从表3可以看出：4口井在晚震旦世
表2模拟钻井早古生代地层数据
Tab.2Stratigraphic Data of Modeling
Wells in Early Paleozoic
地层层序
系 统 组 代号 底界年
龄/Ma 底界深度/m
Lin1井 DS1井 GK1井 NvJ井
志
留
系
奥
陶
系
寒
武
系
震旦
系 中下统
下
统
上
统
中
统
下
统
中上统
中
统
下
统
上统 韩家店组 S12h 400.0 458.0
石牛栏组 S1sh631.0 1 375.8
龙马溪组 S1l 443.7 773.0 1 520.0
五峰组 O3w777.0 1 523.5
涧草沟组 O3j782.0 1 529.0
宝塔组 O2b 460.9 810.0 1 559.2
十字铺组 O2sh 460.9 823.0 1 559.2
牯牛潭组 O2gh 1 570.0
湄潭组 O1m1 055.0 1 785.5
红花园组 O1h 478.6 1 087.0 1 832.5
桐梓组 O1t 488.3 1 224.0 1 980.0 4 396.0 4 557.0
娄山关组 ∈23l 508.0 1 828.0 2 655.0 4 622.0 4 898.0
石冷水组 ∈2sh1 929.0 2 760.0
陡坡寺组 ∈2d 510.0 1 970.0 2 803.0 4 710.0
清虚洞组 ∈1q2 140.0 2 997.0
金顶山组 ∈1j2 290.0 3 130.0 4 762.0
明心寺组 ∈1m2 415.0 3 302.5 4 875.0 5 110.0
牛蹄塘组 ∈1n 542.0 2 586.0 3 494.0 4 992.0 5 201.0
灯影组 Z2dn 551.0 2 910.0 4 610.0 5 480.0 6 022.0
注：除了NvJ井，其余3口井都没有钻穿灯影组；NvJ和GK1井的志留系和大部分奥陶系地层缺失。
图2模拟井晚震旦世—早中奥陶世时期沉积埋藏史和构造沉降史
Fig.2Burial History and Tectonic Subsidence of Modeling Wells from Late Sinian to EarlyMiddle Ordovician
拉张系数最大，在1121~1201之间，其中DS1井拉张量最大；到了寒武纪，拉张系数普遍降低，介于1.031~1.097，其中Lin1井拉张量最大；到了早奥陶世，拉张系数已非常低，盆地基本上处于热沉降的坳陷阶段。
表3典型模拟井的拉张系数
Tab.3Extensional Coefficients of the
Typical Modeling Wells
地质时代 Lin1井 DS1井 GK1井 NvJ井
晚震旦世 1.136 1.201 1.138 1.145
寒武纪 1.080 1.050 1.015 1.019
早中奥陶世 1.005
根据拉张系数可以得到岩石圈底界和温度场的演化以及基底热流随时间的演化(图3、4)。模拟结果显示，盆地基底热流在晚震旦世—早奥陶世时期岩石圈拉张演化过程中始终在52~59 mW·m-2范围内。该值要小于早二叠世—中三叠世时期盆地在区域岩石圈拉张和峨眉山地幔柱共同作用下所达到的最高古热流［8，1011］。这是因为拉张量(拉张系数)不是很大，而且拉张持续时间较长，岩石圈地幔上涌造成的热扰动在拉张过程中已逐步消减，无法积累足够大的热异常。在此期间，岩石圈虽有减薄但很有限，底界上升幅度不是很大(图4)。
综合8条剖面的模拟结果即可得到基底热流在全盆地的平面分布(图5~7)。震旦纪时期，盆地在岩石圈拉张作用下，基底热流略有升高，其中高值主要分布在盆地西北与西南，均超过58 mW·m-2。而川东北受到岩石圈拉张作用影响很小，基底热流普遍低于56 mW·m-2。寒武纪—奥陶纪岩石圈拉张造成的热扰动已基本消失，基底热流呈缓慢下降趋势，且下降幅度很小。全盆地基底热流分布相对均匀，寒武纪基底热流为54~55 mW·m-2，盆地中川西和川西北热流值相对较高，川东和川东南相对较低；而奥陶纪则为53~54 mW·m-2，整体趋势呈现川西地区热流较高，且由川西向川东热流值逐渐降低。
图3四川盆地晚震旦世—早中奥陶世时期基底热流的演化
Fig.3Evolution of Basal Heat Flow in Sichuan Basin
from Late Sinian to EarlyMiddle Ordovician
图4岩石圈底界及温度场的演化
Fig.4Evolution of Lithospheric Base and Temperature Field
图5四川盆地晚震旦世基底热流分布
Fig.5Basal Heat Flow Distribution of Sichuan Basin in Late Sinian
图6四川盆地寒武纪基底热流分布
Fig.6Basal Heat Flow Distribution of Sichuan Basin in Cambrian
图7四川盆地奥陶纪基底热流分布
Fig.7Basal Heat Flow Distribution of Sichuan Basin in Ordovician
3结语
(1)在岩石圈拉张减薄的深部动力学机制作用下，晚震旦世四川盆地软流圈上涌形成热扰动，震旦纪时期基底热流值有所升高。总体上，岩石圈拉张程度较弱，拉张系数小于1.3。由于拉张系数较小，岩石圈的减薄量有限，受到的热扰动不大，震旦纪基底热流最大约59 mW·m-2，其中热流高值主要分布在盆地西北与西南，而川东北受到拉张作用的影响最小。
(2)尽管拉张作用在寒武纪仍持续着，但强度较上一时期还弱，基底热流为54~55 mW·m-2。至奥陶纪，热扰动基本消失，盆地热流值呈缓慢下降趋势，且全盆地基底热流分布相对均匀，为53~54 mW·m-2。
(3)盆地基底热流在晚震旦世—早奥陶世时期岩石圈拉张演化的过程中变化不是很大，始终在52~59 mW·m-2范围内。该值要小于早二叠世—中三叠世时期盆地在区域岩石圈拉张和峨眉山地幔柱共同作用下所达到的最高古热流。
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LI Jun,GUO Tonglou,ZOU Huayao,et al.Hydrocarbon Generation History of Coalmeasure Source Rocks in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation of the Northern Sichuan Basin［J］.Natural Gas Industry,2012,32(3):2528.
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LUO Zhili,HAN Jianhui,LUO Chao,et al.The Discovery, Characteristics and Prospects of Commercial Oil and Gas Layers/Reservoirs in Sichuan Basin［J］.Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2013,34(5):504514.
［21］董才源,魏国齐,杨威,等.川东石炭系气藏主控因素与成藏模式［J］.西安石油大学学报:自然科学版,2013,28(5):2630.
DONG Caiyuan,WEI Guoqi,YANG Wei,et al.Main Controlling Factors and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mode of Carboniferous Gas Reservoirs in East Sichuan Basin［J］.Journal of Xian Shiyou University:Natural Science Edition,2013,28(5):2630.
［22］金文正,万桂梅,崔泽宏,等.四川盆地陆相碎屑岩层系油气成藏模式［J］.西南石油大学学报:自然科学版,2012,34(5):4958.
JIN Wenzheng,WAN Guimei,CUI Zehong,et al.Hydrocarbon Accumulation Pattern in Continental Clastic Reservoir of Sichuan Basin［J］.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science and Technology Edition,2012,34(5):4958.
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MA Li,CHEN Huanjiang,GAN Kewen,et al.Tectonics and Marine Petroleum Geology in South China［M］.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2004.
［24］马永生.中国海相油气勘探［M］.北京:地质出版社,2007.
MA Yongsheng.Marine Petroleum Exploration in China［M］.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2007.
［25］何丽娟，熊亮萍，汪集旸，等.沉积盆地多次拉张模拟中拉张系数的计算［J］.科学通报，1995,40(24):22612263.
HE Lijuan,XIONG Liangping,WANG Jiyang,et al.Calculation of Extension Coefficients in Modeling Multiple Extensional Basins［J］.Chinese Science Bulletin,1995,40(24):22612263.
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HE Lijuan.Multiple Tectonothermal Modeling of Liaohe Basin in the Cenozoic［J］.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1999,42(1):6268.
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［28］汤庆艳,张铭杰,张同伟,等.生烃热模拟实验方法述评［J］.西南石油大学学报:自然科学版,2013,35(1):5262.
TANG Qingyan,ZHANG Mingjie, ZHANG Tongwei,et al.A Review on Pyrolysis Experimentation on Hydrocarbon Generation［J］.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science and Technology Edition,2013,35(1):5262.
［29］MCKENZIE D.Some Remarks on the Development of Sedimentary Basins［J］.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1978,40(1):2532.
［30］郭正吾，邓康龄，韩永辉，等.四川盆地形成与演化［M］.北京：地质出版社,1996.
GUO Zhengwu,DENG Kangling,HAN Yonghui,et al.Formation and Evolution of the Sichuan Basin［M］.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1996.
［31］孙玮.四川盆地元古宇—下古生界天然气藏形成过程和机理研究［D］.成都:成都理工大学,2008.
SUN Wei.The Research on the Formation Process and Mechanism of Gas Pools in Proterozoic to Low Paleozoic Erathem,Sichuan Basin［D］.Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2008.
［32］ALLEN P A,ALLEN J R.Basin Analysis:Principles and Applications［M］.3rd ed.London:WileyBlackwell,2013.
［33］SCLATER J G,CHRISTIE P A F.Continental Stretching:An Explanation of the PostMidCretaceous Subsidence of the Central North Sea Basin［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1980,85(B7):37113739.
［34］刘若冰,田景春,黄勇,等.川东南震旦系灯影组白云岩与志留系石牛栏组灰岩储层特征［J］.成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2007,34(3):245250.
LIU Ruobing,TIAN Jingchun,HUANG Yong,et al.Characteristics of the Carbonate Rock Reservoir of the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation and the Lower Silurian Shiniulan Formation in the Southeast of Sichuan,China［J］.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology:Science and Technology Edition,2007,34(3):245250.
［19］李军,郭彤楼,邹华耀,等.四川盆地北部上三叠统须家河组煤系烃源岩生烃史［J］.天然气工业,2012,32(3):2528.
LI Jun,GUO Tonglou,ZOU Huayao,et al.Hydrocarbon Generation History of Coalmeasure Source Rocks in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation of the Northern Sichuan Basin［J］.Natural Gas Industry,2012,32(3):2528.
［20］罗志立,韩建辉,罗超,等.四川盆地工业性油气层的发现、成藏特征及远景［J］.新疆石油地质,2013,34(5):504514.
LUO Zhili,HAN Jianhui,LUO Chao,et al.The Discovery, Characteristics and Prospects of Commercial Oil and Gas Layers/Reservoirs in Sichuan Basin［J］.Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2013,34(5):504514.
［21］董才源,魏国齐,杨威,等.川东石炭系气藏主控因素与成藏模式［J］.西安石油大学学报:自然科学版,2013,28(5):2630.
DONG Caiyuan,WEI Guoqi,YANG Wei,et al.Main Controlling Factors and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mode of Carboniferous Gas Reservoirs in East Sichuan Basin［J］.Journal of Xian Shiyou University:Natural Science Edition,2013,28(5):2630.
［22］金文正,万桂梅,崔泽宏,等.四川盆地陆相碎屑岩层系油气成藏模式［J］.西南石油大学学报:自然科学版,2012,34(5):4958.
JIN Wenzheng,WAN Guimei,CUI Zehong,et al.Hydrocarbon Accumulation Pattern in Continental Clastic Reservoir of Sichuan Basin［J］.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science and Technology Edition,2012,34(5):4958.
［23］马力,陈焕疆,甘克文,等.中国南方大地构造和海相油气地质［M］.北京:地质出版社,2004.
MA Li,CHEN Huanjiang,GAN Kewen,et al.Tectonics and Marine Petroleum Geology in South China［M］.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2004.
［24］马永生.中国海相油气勘探［M］.北京:地质出版社,2007.
MA Yongsheng.Marine Petroleum Exploration in China［M］.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2007.
［25］何丽娟，熊亮萍，汪集旸，等.沉积盆地多次拉张模拟中拉张系数的计算［J］.科学通报，1995,40(24):22612263.
HE Lijuan,XIONG Liangping,WANG Jiyang,et al.Calculation of Extension Coefficients in Modeling Multiple Extensional Basins［J］.Chinese Science Bulletin,1995,40(24):22612263.
［26］何丽娟.辽河盆地新生代多期构造热演化模拟［J］.地球物理学报，1999,42(1)：6268.
HE Lijuan.Multiple Tectonothermal Modeling of Liaohe Basin in the Cenozoic［J］.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1999,42(1):6268.
［27］HE L J,WANG K L,XIONG L P,et al.Heat Flow and Thermal History of the South China Sea［J］.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2001,126(3/4):211220.
［28］汤庆艳,张铭杰,张同伟,等.生烃热模拟实验方法述评［J］.西南石油大学学报:自然科学版,2013,35(1):5262.
TANG Qingyan,ZHANG Mingjie, ZHANG Tongwei,et al.A Review on Pyrolysis Experimentation on Hydrocarbon Generation［J］.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science and Technology Edition,2013,35(1):5262.
［29］MCKENZIE D.Some Remarks on the Development of Sedimentary Basins［J］.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1978,40(1):2532.
［30］郭正吾，邓康龄，韩永辉，等.四川盆地形成与演化［M］.北京：地质出版社,1996.
GUO Zhengwu,DENG Kangling,HAN Yonghui,et al.Formation and Evolution of the Sichuan Basin［M］.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1996.
［31］孙玮.四川盆地元古宇—下古生界天然气藏形成过程和机理研究［D］.成都:成都理工大学,2008.
SUN Wei.The Research on the Formation Process and Mechanism of Gas Pools in Proterozoic to Low Paleozoic Erathem,Sichuan Basin［D］.Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2008.
［32］ALLEN P A,ALLEN J R.Basin Analysis:Principles and Applications［M］.3rd ed.London:WileyBlackwell,2013.
［33］SCLATER J G,CHRISTIE P A F.Continental Stretching:An Explanation of the PostMidCretaceous Subsidence of the Central North Sea Basin［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1980,85(B7):37113739.
［34］刘若冰,田景春,黄勇,等.川东南震旦系灯影组白云岩与志留系石牛栏组灰岩储层特征［J］.成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2007,34(3):245250.
LIU Ruobing,TIAN Jingchun,HUANG Yong,et al.Characteristics of the Carbonate Rock Reservoir of the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation and the Lower Silurian Shiniulan Formation in the Southeast of Sichuan,China［J］.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology:Science and Technology Edition,2007,34(3):245250.
［19］李军,郭彤楼,邹华耀,等.四川盆地北部上三叠统须家河组煤系烃源岩生烃史［J］.天然气工业,2012,32(3):2528.
LI Jun,GUO Tonglou,ZOU Huayao,et al.Hydrocarbon Generation History of Coalmeasure Source Rocks in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation of the Northern Sichuan Basin［J］.Natural Gas Industry,2012,32(3):2528.
［20］罗志立,韩建辉,罗超,等.四川盆地工业性油气层的发现、成藏特征及远景［J］.新疆石油地质,2013,34(5):504514.
LUO Zhili,HAN Jianhui,LUO Chao,et al.The Discovery, Characteristics and Prospects of Commercial Oil and Gas Layers/Reservoirs in Sichuan Basin［J］.Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2013,34(5):504514.
［21］董才源,魏国齐,杨威,等.川东石炭系气藏主控因素与成藏模式［J］.西安石油大学学报:自然科学版,2013,28(5):2630.
DONG Caiyuan,WEI Guoqi,YANG Wei,et al.Main Controlling Factors and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mode of Carboniferous Gas Reservoirs in East Sichuan Basin［J］.Journal of Xian Shiyou University:Natural Science Edition,2013,28(5):2630.
［22］金文正,万桂梅,崔泽宏,等.四川盆地陆相碎屑岩层系油气成藏模式［J］.西南石油大学学报:自然科学版,2012,34(5):4958.
JIN Wenzheng,WAN Guimei,CUI Zehong,et al.Hydrocarbon Accumulation Pattern in Continental Clastic Reservoir of Sichuan Basin［J］.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science and Technology Edition,2012,34(5):4958.
［23］马力,陈焕疆,甘克文,等.中国南方大地构造和海相油气地质［M］.北京:地质出版社,2004.
MA Li,CHEN Huanjiang,GAN Kewen,et al.Tectonics and Marine Petroleum Geology in South China［M］.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2004.
［24］马永生.中国海相油气勘探［M］.北京:地质出版社,2007.
MA Yongsheng.Marine Petroleum Exploration in China［M］.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2007.
［25］何丽娟，熊亮萍，汪集旸，等.沉积盆地多次拉张模拟中拉张系数的计算［J］.科学通报，1995,40(24):22612263.
HE Lijuan,XIONG Liangping,WANG Jiyang,et al.Calculation of Extension Coefficients in Modeling Multiple Extensional Basins［J］.Chinese Science Bulletin,1995,40(24):22612263.
［26］何丽娟.辽河盆地新生代多期构造热演化模拟［J］.地球物理学报，1999,42(1)：6268.
HE Lijuan.Multiple Tectonothermal Modeling of Liaohe Basin in the Cenozoic［J］.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1999,42(1):6268.
［27］HE L J,WANG K L,XIONG L P,et al.Heat Flow and Thermal History of the South China Sea［J］.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2001,126(3/4):211220.
［28］汤庆艳,张铭杰,张同伟,等.生烃热模拟实验方法述评［J］.西南石油大学学报:自然科学版,2013,35(1):5262.
TANG Qingyan,ZHANG Mingjie, ZHANG Tongwei,et al.A Review on Pyrolysis Experimentation on Hydrocarbon Generation［J］.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science and Technology Edition,2013,35(1):5262.
［29］MCKENZIE D.Some Remarks on the Development of Sedimentary Basins［J］.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1978,40(1):2532.
［30］郭正吾，邓康龄，韩永辉，等.四川盆地形成与演化［M］.北京：地质出版社,1996.
GUO Zhengwu,DENG Kangling,HAN Yonghui,et al.Formation and Evolution of the Sichuan Basin［M］.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1996.
［31］孙玮.四川盆地元古宇—下古生界天然气藏形成过程和机理研究［D］.成都:成都理工大学,2008.
SUN Wei.The Research on the Formation Process and Mechanism of Gas Pools in Proterozoic to Low Paleozoic Erathem,Sichuan Basin［D］.Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2008.
［32］ALLEN P A,ALLEN J R.Basin Analysis:Principles and Applications［M］.3rd ed.London:WileyBlackwell,2013.
［33］SCLATER J G,CHRISTIE P A F.Continental Stretching:An Explanation of the PostMidCretaceous Subsidence of the Central North Sea Basin［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1980,85(B7):37113739.
［34］刘若冰,田景春,黄勇,等.川东南震旦系灯影组白云岩与志留系石牛栏组灰岩储层特征［J］.成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2007,34(3):245250.
LIU Ruobing,TIAN Jingchun,HUANG Yong,et al.Characteristics of the Carbonate Rock Reservoir of the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation and the Lower Silurian Shiniulan Formation in the Southeast of Sichuan,China［J］.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology:Science and Technology Edition,2007,34(3):245250.
基金项目：中国石油化工股份有限公司海相前瞻性研究项目(YPH08101)
摘要：四川盆地位于扬子板块西缘,是中国重要的含油气盆地之一，在震旦纪—早奥陶世处于裂陷特征的被动大陆边缘阶段。利用地球动力学理论在岩石圈尺度探讨盆地构造热演化特征，恢复早古生代热历史，为盆地生烃状态、生烃期次等研究提供重要热参数。首先，利用回剥技术得到盆地构造沉降史，并作为构造热演化模拟的目标函数；然后，基于二维多期拉张模型，分别与晚震旦世、寒武纪和奥陶纪等3个时期构造沉降量拟合得到3期拉张系数，揭示岩石圈底界和温度场的演化以及基底热流随时间的演化特征。模拟结果显示：在岩石圈拉张作用下，软流圈上涌形成热扰动，震旦纪时期基底热流值略有升高，其中高值主要分布在盆地西北与西南，而川东北受到的影响最小；热扰动在寒武纪有所减弱，至奥陶纪时期基本消失，盆地热流值呈缓慢下降趋势；盆地基底热流在早古生代始终在52~59 mW·m-2范围内。
关键词：构造热演化；多期拉张模型；早古生代；基底热流；岩石圈尺度；数值模拟；四川盆地
中图分类号：P314.2文献标志码：A
Tectonothermal Evolution of Sichuan Basin in Early Paleozoic
HE Lijuan, HUANG Fang, LIU Qiongying, LI Chunrong, WANG Jiyang
(Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geology
and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China)
Abstract: Sichuan Basin, located in the western margin of Yangtze Plate, is one of the important oilgasbearing basins in China. The basin is in the passive continental margin stage with rift in SinianOrdovician. The tectonothermal evolution of basin was simulated by a geodynamical method in the lithospheric scale, and the thermal history of Early Paleozoic was obtained in order to provide important thermal parameters for assessment of hydrocarbon generation of basin. The tectonic subsidence of basin was firstly calculated by backstripping technique to provide objective function for the tectonothermal modeling; secondly, based on twodimensional multiphase extensional model, three episode extensional coefficients were estimated through fitting with the tectonic subsidences of Late Sinian, Cambrian and Ordovician in order to reveal the evolution of lithospheric base and temperature, as well as the basal heat flow. The modeling results show that the thermal disturbance, which is induced due to lithospheric extension and upwelling of asthenosphere, increases the basal heat flow in Late Sinian, and the effects are high in the northwest and southwest of basin and little in the northeast; the thermal disturbance weakens in Cambrian and disappears gradually in Ordovician, and consequently the basal heat flow decreases slowly; the basal heat flow of basin is still 5259 mW·m-2 in Early Paleozoic.
Key words: tectonothermal evolution; multiphase extensional model; Early Paleozoic; basal heat flow; lithospheric scale; numerical modeling; Sichuan Basin
0引言
盆地热历史控制着油气的生成、运移、聚集以及保存等过程，是含油气盆地分析的重要环节。热历史的恢复可以利用岩石圈尺度的构造热演化方法或盆地尺度的古温标方法［15］进行。四川盆地现今大地热流值平均为53 mW·m-2,具有典型克拉通型盆地中低热流特征［6］。近年来，许多学者对四川盆地的热历史恢复作了很多工作［716］，研究结果表明早二叠世—中三叠世是盆地热演化的重要时期，其间盆地古热流达到了其历史最高值。传统古温标方法由于无法恢复盆地达到最高古地温以前的热历史，因而在四川盆地古生代热历史研究中受到局限。构造热演化模拟可以有效补充古地温方法在该盆地应用的局限性，填补该盆地早期热历史研究的空白。构造热演化模拟作为研究沉积盆地的重要手段之一，与古温标方法不同的是，构造热演化模型依赖于盆地成因类型。它必须建立在盆地成因机制的地质地球物理模型基础之上。
位于扬子克拉通的四川盆地是一个大型古生代—中新生代海相陆相叠合盆地,蕴含着丰富的油气资源［1722］。它经历了中—晚元古代扬子地台基底形成阶段、震旦纪—中三叠世被动大陆边缘阶段、晚三叠世盆山转换与前陆盆地形成演化阶段、侏罗纪—第四纪前陆盆地沉积构造演化阶段。其基本性质是多旋回叠合构造改造型盆地［23］。震旦纪开始的伸展作用在中国南方是区域性的［24］。扬子克拉通在震旦纪—早奥陶世处于裂陷特征的被动大陆边缘阶段。盆地内大型构造圈闭主要发育古生代—中生代烃源岩，形成多套生储盖组合，是重要的油气生、储场所，因此，对古生代热历史的研究迫在眉睫。笔者拟将多期拉张模型应用到四川盆地早古生代岩石圈拉张期(或称为伸展期)的热历史研究中，利用地球动力学方法在岩石圈尺度探讨盆地晚震旦世—奥陶纪构造热演化特征，为盆地生烃状态、生烃期次等研究提供热参数。
1模拟方法
本文采用的二维多期拉张模型［2528］是建立在岩石圈尺度，采用正演的方法，通过求解二维热传导方程，模拟盆地在形成演化过程中构造位移发生变化的同时，温度场和热流在时间和空间上的演化历史。研究手段是二维有限元方法，在拉格朗日坐标系下,通过网格节点位移描述模型(岩石圈、盆地)的构造形变、节点温度描述温度场的演变,从而再现盆地在拉张演化过程中的构造和热演化史。
在时间t=0时，初始岩石圈拉张，在横向上不同地区拉张系数不同，岩石圈减薄程度不同，因均衡补偿引起的初始沉降也不同。由于岩石圈减薄，热软流圈被动上拱，引起热扰动，随着时间推移，热扰动逐渐解体，引起热沉降［29］。在t1时刻，没有完全恢复至热平衡状态的岩石圈再次拉张，进一步减薄。第二次拉张岩石圈的初始温度场为前一期拉张结束时的温度场。温度场的变化满足二维瞬态热传导方程
ρcT t-(2KT 2x2+2KT y2)=Q(1)
式中：T为温度；K为热导率；ρ为密度；c为比热容；t为时间；Q为热流。
该模型忽略了沉积的影响，因此，模型计算的表面热流为基底热流。模型假定上、下边界温度始终保持不变，分别为0 ℃和1 330 ℃［29］；侧边界为绝热边界；放射性元素生热集中在初始上地壳10 km范围内，生热率为2.8 μW·m-3，从而使得地壳热流为28 mW·m-2 ［30］；下地壳、地幔没有放射性热源。模型参数见表1［1,2930］。
表1模型参数
Tab.1Modeling Parameters
参数名称 参数取值
原始岩石圈厚度/km 125
原始地壳厚度/km 35
0 ℃地幔物质密度/(kg·m-3) 3 330
0 ℃地壳物质密度/(kg·m-3) 2 800
岩石圈底部温度/℃ 1 330
地壳岩石热导率/(W·mK-1) 3.1
原始上地壳10 km岩石生热率/(μW·m-3) 2.8
下地壳岩石热导率/(W·mK-1) 2.6
热膨胀系数/K-1 3.28×10-5
地幔岩石热导率/(W·mK-1) 2.9
沉积盆地构造热演化模拟中，拉张系数是反映岩石圈拉张演化的重要参数。拉张系数β一般定义为初始地壳厚度与拉张后地壳厚度之比。对于只经历一次拉张的盆地而言，拉张后的地壳厚度即现今地壳厚度，很容易求得β。然而，对于经历多期拉张的古老盆地(如古生代的四川盆地)而言，当时的地壳厚度很难确定，那么各期的拉张系数就很难用简单的公式求得。另外，沉积盆地由于拉张而引起岩石圈减薄和初始沉降，同时引起温度场的变化。随着时间的推移，温度场的变化又引起热沉降。构造沉降和温度场演化是相互联系的，因此，拉张系数的计算不能忽略温度场的影响，应放在构造热演化模拟中求取。这里采用非瞬时或有限时(即拉张在一定时间内完成)多期拉张模型来模拟沉积盆地构造热演化，应用迭代法通过拟合构造沉降量来求取各期的拉张系数［25］。
2模拟结果
笔者选择了8条穿越四川盆地的剖面(位置见图1)，利用二维多期拉张模型对各剖面分别进行岩石圈尺度的构造热演化模拟。在构造热演化模拟之前需要利用回剥技术恢复盆地的沉积埋藏史和构造沉降史来作为模拟的目标函数。由于这里采用的是一维回剥技术，因此需要在剖面上每隔一段距离选取钻井或人工井来获取构造沉降数据。
图1四川盆地构造简图及模拟剖面和井的位置
Fig.1Tectonic Sketch of Sichun Basin and Positions of Modeling Profiles and Wells
为了详尽地描述模拟过程和结果，这里以位于川中地区及川东南地区4口钻井(位置见图1)为例进行剖析。它们分别是GK1、NvJ、DS1及Lin1井，钻井地层数据见表
2［31］。沉积盆地的埋藏史是指盆地中某一沉积单元自沉积开始至今的沉积过程，即是经过堆积、压实、抬升及剥蚀的动力学演化过程。一般采用压实校正的方法来恢复其沉积埋藏史。压实校正是把某一地层单元的实测厚度恢复到沉积时或埋藏过程中某一时期的厚度。压实主要是上覆地层质量使地层内流体排出,孔隙度减小，因此，校正前应得到盆地正常压实条件下孔隙度与埋深的关系。骨架密度(ρsg)为2 680 kg·m-3，孔隙度和埋深的一般关系为［32］
φ= φ0e-ez (2)
式中：φ为孔隙度；φ0为地表最大孔隙度，采用φ0=05；z为埋深；e为压实系数［33］，采用e=04。
然而，除了NvJ井，其余3口钻井都没有钻穿灯影组。区域对比分析表明［25,34］，川东南地区灯影组岩性、厚度较为稳定，均为局限台地白云岩、藻白云岩等，厚度一般为700~900 m，因此，Lin1、GK1井灯影组模拟厚度暂取700 m。利用回剥技术可以得到模拟井晚震旦世—早中奥陶世时期沉积埋藏史和构造沉降史［图2(a)、(b)］。结果显示：盆地在晚震旦世经历了快速沉降，构造沉降量(空盆沉降)达到600 m［图2(b)］，总沉降量超过1 700 m；到了寒武纪，沉降速率有所降低，但构造沉降量并不小，甚至超过震旦纪的构造沉降，此时盆地的沉降量已接近3 500 m；到了奥陶纪，无论是构造沉降量还是沉降速率都进一步降低。由于数据量庞大，剖面上其他人工井这里不再一一图示。
在构造沉降史研究基础之上，利用二维多期拉张模型即可分别模拟各剖面的构造热演化历史。岩石圈拉张模式为非瞬时(有限时)，每期拉张速率为匀减速模式
［26］。通过分别与剖面3个时期构造沉降量的拟合，可以得到岩石圈3期拉张演化阶段的拉张系数。从表3可以看出：4口井在晚震旦世
表2模拟钻井早古生代地层数据
Tab.2Stratigraphic Data of Modeling
Wells in Early Paleozoic
地层层序
系 统 组 代号 底界年
龄/Ma 底界深度/m
Lin1井 DS1井 GK1井 NvJ井
志
留
系
奥
陶
系
寒
武
系
震旦
系 中下统
下
统
上
统
中
统
下
统
中上统
中
统
下
统
上统 韩家店组 S12h 400.0 458.0
石牛栏组 S1sh631.0 1 375.8
龙马溪组 S1l 443.7 773.0 1 520.0
五峰组 O3w777.0 1 523.5
涧草沟组 O3j782.0 1 529.0
宝塔组 O2b 460.9 810.0 1 559.2
十字铺组 O2sh 460.9 823.0 1 559.2
牯牛潭组 O2gh 1 570.0
湄潭组 O1m1 055.0 1 785.5
红花园组 O1h 478.6 1 087.0 1 832.5
桐梓组 O1t 488.3 1 224.0 1 980.0 4 396.0 4 557.0
娄山关组 ∈23l 508.0 1 828.0 2 655.0 4 622.0 4 898.0
石冷水组 ∈2sh1 929.0 2 760.0
陡坡寺组 ∈2d 510.0 1 970.0 2 803.0 4 710.0
清虚洞组 ∈1q2 140.0 2 997.0
金顶山组 ∈1j2 290.0 3 130.0 4 762.0
明心寺组 ∈1m2 415.0 3 302.5 4 875.0 5 110.0
牛蹄塘组 ∈1n 542.0 2 586.0 3 494.0 4 992.0 5 201.0
灯影组 Z2dn 551.0 2 910.0 4 610.0 5 480.0 6 022.0
注：除了NvJ井，其余3口井都没有钻穿灯影组；NvJ和GK1井的志留系和大部分奥陶系地层缺失。
图2模拟井晚震旦世—早中奥陶世时期沉积埋藏史和构造沉降史
Fig.2Burial History and Tectonic Subsidence of Modeling Wells from Late Sinian to EarlyMiddle Ordovician
拉张系数最大，在1121~1201之间，其中DS1井拉张量最大；到了寒武纪，拉张系数普遍降低，介于1.031~1.097，其中Lin1井拉张量最大；到了早奥陶世，拉张系数已非常低，盆地基本上处于热沉降的坳陷阶段。
表3典型模拟井的拉张系数
Tab.3Extensional Coefficients of the
Typical Modeling Wells
地质时代 Lin1井 DS1井 GK1井 NvJ井
晚震旦世 1.136 1.201 1.138 1.145
寒武纪 1.080 1.050 1.015 1.019
早中奥陶世 1.005
根据拉张系数可以得到岩石圈底界和温度场的演化以及基底热流随时间的演化(图3、4)。模拟结果显示，盆地基底热流在晚震旦世—早奥陶世时期岩石圈拉张演化过程中始终在52~59 mW·m-2范围内。该值要小于早二叠世—中三叠世时期盆地在区域岩石圈拉张和峨眉山地幔柱共同作用下所达到的最高古热流［8，1011］。这是因为拉张量(拉张系数)不是很大，而且拉张持续时间较长，岩石圈地幔上涌造成的热扰动在拉张过程中已逐步消减，无法积累足够大的热异常。在此期间，岩石圈虽有减薄但很有限，底界上升幅度不是很大(图4)。
综合8条剖面的模拟结果即可得到基底热流在全盆地的平面分布(图5~7)。震旦纪时期，盆地在岩石圈拉张作用下，基底热流略有升高，其中高值主要分布在盆地西北与西南，均超过58 mW·m-2。而川东北受到岩石圈拉张作用影响很小，基底热流普遍低于56 mW·m-2。寒武纪—奥陶纪岩石圈拉张造成的热扰动已基本消失，基底热流呈缓慢下降趋势，且下降幅度很小。全盆地基底热流分布相对均匀，寒武纪基底热流为54~55 mW·m-2，盆地中川西和川西北热流值相对较高，川东和川东南相对较低；而奥陶纪则为53~54 mW·m-2，整体趋势呈现川西地区热流较高，且由川西向川东热流值逐渐降低。
图3四川盆地晚震旦世—早中奥陶世时期基底热流的演化
Fig.3Evolution of Basal Heat Flow in Sichuan Basin
from Late Sinian to EarlyMiddle Ordovician
图4岩石圈底界及温度场的演化
Fig.4Evolution of Lithospheric Base and Temperature Field
图5四川盆地晚震旦世基底热流分布
Fig.5Basal Heat Flow Distribution of Sichuan Basin in Late Sinian
图6四川盆地寒武纪基底热流分布
Fig.6Basal Heat Flow Distribution of Sichuan Basin in Cambrian
图7四川盆地奥陶纪基底热流分布
Fig.7Basal Heat Flow Distribution of Sichuan Basin in Ordovician
3结语
(1)在岩石圈拉张减薄的深部动力学机制作用下，晚震旦世四川盆地软流圈上涌形成热扰动，震旦纪时期基底热流值有所升高。总体上，岩石圈拉张程度较弱，拉张系数小于1.3。由于拉张系数较小，岩石圈的减薄量有限，受到的热扰动不大，震旦纪基底热流最大约59 mW·m-2，其中热流高值主要分布在盆地西北与西南，而川东北受到拉张作用的影响最小。
(2)尽管拉张作用在寒武纪仍持续着，但强度较上一时期还弱，基底热流为54~55 mW·m-2。至奥陶纪，热扰动基本消失，盆地热流值呈缓慢下降趋势，且全盆地基底热流分布相对均匀，为53~54 mW·m-2。
(3)盆地基底热流在晚震旦世—早奥陶世时期岩石圈拉张演化的过程中变化不是很大，始终在52~59 mW·m-2范围内。该值要小于早二叠世—中三叠世时期盆地在区域岩石圈拉张和峨眉山地幔柱共同作用下所达到的最高古热流。
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LUO Zhili,HAN Jianhui,LUO Chao,et al.The Discovery, Characteristics and Prospects of Commercial Oil and Gas Layers/Reservoirs in Sichuan Basin［J］.Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2013,34(5):504514.
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DONG Caiyuan,WEI Guoqi,YANG Wei,et al.Main Controlling Factors and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mode of Carboniferous Gas Reservoirs in East Sichuan Basin［J］.Journal of Xian Shiyou University:Natural Science Edition,2013,28(5):2630.
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JIN Wenzheng,WAN Guimei,CUI Zehong,et al.Hydrocarbon Accumulation Pattern in Continental Clastic Reservoir of Sichuan Basin［J］.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science and Technology Edition,2012,34(5):4958.
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MA Li,CHEN Huanjiang,GAN Kewen,et al.Tectonics and Marine Petroleum Geology in South China［M］.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2004.
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MA Yongsheng.Marine Petroleum Exploration in China［M］.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2007.
［25］何丽娟，熊亮萍，汪集旸，等.沉积盆地多次拉张模拟中拉张系数的计算［J］.科学通报，1995,40(24):22612263.
HE Lijuan,XIONG Liangping,WANG Jiyang,et al.Calculation of Extension Coefficients in Modeling Multiple Extensional Basins［J］.Chinese Science Bulletin,1995,40(24):22612263.
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HE Lijuan.Multiple Tectonothermal Modeling of Liaohe Basin in the Cenozoic［J］.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1999,42(1):6268.
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TANG Qingyan,ZHANG Mingjie, ZHANG Tongwei,et al.A Review on Pyrolysis Experimentation on Hydrocarbon Generation［J］.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science and Technology Edition,2013,35(1):5262.
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［30］郭正吾，邓康龄，韩永辉，等.四川盆地形成与演化［M］.北京：地质出版社,1996.
GUO Zhengwu,DENG Kangling,HAN Yonghui,et al.Formation and Evolution of the Sichuan Basin［M］.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1996.
［31］孙玮.四川盆地元古宇—下古生界天然气藏形成过程和机理研究［D］.成都:成都理工大学,2008.
SUN Wei.The Research on the Formation Process and Mechanism of Gas Pools in Proterozoic to Low Paleozoic Erathem,Sichuan Basin［D］.Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2008.
［32］ALLEN P A,ALLEN J R.Basin Analysis:Principles and Applications［M］.3rd ed.London:WileyBlackwell,2013.
［33］SCLATER J G,CHRISTIE P A F.Continental Stretching:An Explanation of the PostMidCretaceous Subsidence of the Central North Sea Basin［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1980,85(B7):37113739.
［34］刘若冰,田景春,黄勇,等.川东南震旦系灯影组白云岩与志留系石牛栏组灰岩储层特征［J］.成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2007,34(3):245250.
LIU Ruobing,TIAN Jingchun,HUANG Yong,et al.Characteristics of the Carbonate Rock Reservoir of the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation and the Lower Silurian Shiniulan Formation in the Southeast of Sichuan,China［J］.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology:Science and Technology Edition,2007,34(3):245250.
［19］李军,郭彤楼,邹华耀,等.四川盆地北部上三叠统须家河组煤系烃源岩生烃史［J］.天然气工业,2012,32(3):2528.
LI Jun,GUO Tonglou,ZOU Huayao,et al.Hydrocarbon Generation History of Coalmeasure Source Rocks in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation of the Northern Sichuan Basin［J］.Natural Gas Industry,2012,32(3):2528.
［20］罗志立,韩建辉,罗超,等.四川盆地工业性油气层的发现、成藏特征及远景［J］.新疆石油地质,2013,34(5):504514.
LUO Zhili,HAN Jianhui,LUO Chao,et al.The Discovery, Characteristics and Prospects of Commercial Oil and Gas Layers/Reservoirs in Sichuan Basin［J］.Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2013,34(5):504514.
［21］董才源,魏国齐,杨威,等.川东石炭系气藏主控因素与成藏模式［J］.西安石油大学学报:自然科学版,2013,28(5):2630.
DONG Caiyuan,WEI Guoqi,YANG Wei,et al.Main Controlling Factors and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mode of Carboniferous Gas Reservoirs in East Sichuan Basin［J］.Journal of Xian Shiyou University:Natural Science Edition,2013,28(5):2630.
［22］金文正,万桂梅,崔泽宏,等.四川盆地陆相碎屑岩层系油气成藏模式［J］.西南石油大学学报:自然科学版,2012,34(5):4958.
JIN Wenzheng,WAN Guimei,CUI Zehong,et al.Hydrocarbon Accumulation Pattern in Continental Clastic Reservoir of Sichuan Basin［J］.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science and Technology Edition,2012,34(5):4958.
［23］马力,陈焕疆,甘克文,等.中国南方大地构造和海相油气地质［M］.北京:地质出版社,2004.
MA Li,CHEN Huanjiang,GAN Kewen,et al.Tectonics and Marine Petroleum Geology in South China［M］.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2004.
［24］马永生.中国海相油气勘探［M］.北京:地质出版社,2007.
MA Yongsheng.Marine Petroleum Exploration in China［M］.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2007.
［25］何丽娟，熊亮萍，汪集旸，等.沉积盆地多次拉张模拟中拉张系数的计算［J］.科学通报，1995,40(24):22612263.
HE Lijuan,XIONG Liangping,WANG Jiyang,et al.Calculation of Extension Coefficients in Modeling Multiple Extensional Basins［J］.Chinese Science Bulletin,1995,40(24):22612263.
［26］何丽娟.辽河盆地新生代多期构造热演化模拟［J］.地球物理学报，1999,42(1)：6268.
HE Lijuan.Multiple Tectonothermal Modeling of Liaohe Basin in the Cenozoic［J］.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1999,42(1):6268.
［27］HE L J,WANG K L,XIONG L P,et al.Heat Flow and Thermal History of the South China Sea［J］.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2001,126(3/4):211220.
［28］汤庆艳,张铭杰,张同伟,等.生烃热模拟实验方法述评［J］.西南石油大学学报:自然科学版,2013,35(1):5262.
TANG Qingyan,ZHANG Mingjie, ZHANG Tongwei,et al.A Review on Pyrolysis Experimentation on Hydrocarbon Generation［J］.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science and Technology Edition,2013,35(1):5262.
［29］MCKENZIE D.Some Remarks on the Development of Sedimentary Basins［J］.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1978,40(1):2532.
［30］郭正吾，邓康龄，韩永辉，等.四川盆地形成与演化［M］.北京：地质出版社,1996.
GUO Zhengwu,DENG Kangling,HAN Yonghui,et al.Formation and Evolution of the Sichuan Basin［M］.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1996.
［31］孙玮.四川盆地元古宇—下古生界天然气藏形成过程和机理研究［D］.成都:成都理工大学,2008.
SUN Wei.The Research on the Formation Process and Mechanism of Gas Pools in Proterozoic to Low Paleozoic Erathem,Sichuan Basin［D］.Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2008.
［32］ALLEN P A,ALLEN J R.Basin Analysis:Principles and Applications［M］.3rd ed.London:WileyBlackwell,2013.
［33］SCLATER J G,CHRISTIE P A F.Continental Stretching:An Explanation of the PostMidCretaceous Subsidence of the Central North Sea Basin［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1980,85(B7):37113739.
［34］刘若冰,田景春,黄勇,等.川东南震旦系灯影组白云岩与志留系石牛栏组灰岩储层特征［J］.成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2007,34(3):245250.
LIU Ruobing,TIAN Jingchun,HUANG Yong,et al.Characteristics of the Carbonate Rock Reservoir of the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation and the Lower Silurian Shiniulan Formation in the Southeast of Sichuan,China［J］.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology:Science and Technology Edition,2007,34(3):245250.
［19］李军,郭彤楼,邹华耀,等.四川盆地北部上三叠统须家河组煤系烃源岩生烃史［J］.天然气工业,2012,32(3):2528.
LI Jun,GUO Tonglou,ZOU Huayao,et al.Hydrocarbon Generation History of Coalmeasure Source Rocks in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation of the Northern Sichuan Basin［J］.Natural Gas Industry,2012,32(3):2528.
［20］罗志立,韩建辉,罗超,等.四川盆地工业性油气层的发现、成藏特征及远景［J］.新疆石油地质,2013,34(5):504514.
LUO Zhili,HAN Jianhui,LUO Chao,et al.The Discovery, Characteristics and Prospects of Commercial Oil and Gas Layers/Reservoirs in Sichuan Basin［J］.Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2013,34(5):504514.
［21］董才源,魏国齐,杨威,等.川东石炭系气藏主控因素与成藏模式［J］.西安石油大学学报:自然科学版,2013,28(5):2630.
DONG Caiyuan,WEI Guoqi,YANG Wei,et al.Main Controlling Factors and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mode of Carboniferous Gas Reservoirs in East Sichuan Basin［J］.Journal of Xian Shiyou University:Natural Science Edition,2013,28(5):2630.
［22］金文正,万桂梅,崔泽宏,等.四川盆地陆相碎屑岩层系油气成藏模式［J］.西南石油大学学报:自然科学版,2012,34(5):4958.
JIN Wenzheng,WAN Guimei,CUI Zehong,et al.Hydrocarbon Accumulation Pattern in Continental Clastic Reservoir of Sichuan Basin［J］.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science and Technology Edition,2012,34(5):4958.
［23］马力,陈焕疆,甘克文,等.中国南方大地构造和海相油气地质［M］.北京:地质出版社,2004.
MA Li,CHEN Huanjiang,GAN Kewen,et al.Tectonics and Marine Petroleum Geology in South China［M］.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2004.
［24］马永生.中国海相油气勘探［M］.北京:地质出版社,2007.
MA Yongsheng.Marine Petroleum Exploration in China［M］.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2007.
［25］何丽娟，熊亮萍，汪集旸，等.沉积盆地多次拉张模拟中拉张系数的计算［J］.科学通报，1995,40(24):22612263.
HE Lijuan,XIONG Liangping,WANG Jiyang,et al.Calculation of Extension Coefficients in Modeling Multiple Extensional Basins［J］.Chinese Science Bulletin,1995,40(24):22612263.
［26］何丽娟.辽河盆地新生代多期构造热演化模拟［J］.地球物理学报，1999,42(1)：6268.
HE Lijuan.Multiple Tectonothermal Modeling of Liaohe Basin in the Cenozoic［J］.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1999,42(1):6268.
［27］HE L J,WANG K L,XIONG L P,et al.Heat Flow and Thermal History of the South China Sea［J］.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2001,126(3/4):211220.
［28］汤庆艳,张铭杰,张同伟,等.生烃热模拟实验方法述评［J］.西南石油大学学报:自然科学版,2013,35(1):5262.
TANG Qingyan,ZHANG Mingjie, ZHANG Tongwei,et al.A Review on Pyrolysis Experimentation on Hydrocarbon Generation［J］.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science and Technology Edition,2013,35(1):5262.
［29］MCKENZIE D.Some Remarks on the Development of Sedimentary Basins［J］.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1978,40(1):2532.
［30］郭正吾，邓康龄，韩永辉，等.四川盆地形成与演化［M］.北京：地质出版社,1996.
GUO Zhengwu,DENG Kangling,HAN Yonghui,et al.Formation and Evolution of the Sichuan Basin［M］.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1996.
［31］孙玮.四川盆地元古宇—下古生界天然气藏形成过程和机理研究［D］.成都:成都理工大学,2008.
SUN Wei.The Research on the Formation Process and Mechanism of Gas Pools in Proterozoic to Low Paleozoic Erathem,Sichuan Basin［D］.Chengdu:Chengdu University of Technology,2008.
［32］ALLEN P A,ALLEN J R.Basin Analysis:Principles and Applications［M］.3rd ed.London:WileyBlackwell,2013.
［33］SCLATER J G,CHRISTIE P A F.Continental Stretching:An Explanation of the PostMidCretaceous Subsidence of the Central North Sea Basin［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1980,85(B7):37113739.
［34］刘若冰,田景春,黄勇,等.川东南震旦系灯影组白云岩与志留系石牛栏组灰岩储层特征［J］.成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2007,34(3):245250.
LIU Ruobing,TIAN Jingchun,HUANG Yong,et al.Characteristics of the Carbonate Rock Reservoir of the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation and the Lower Silurian Shiniulan Formation in the Southeast of Sichuan,China［J］.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology:Science and Technology Edition,2007,34(3):245250.
