VSD结合游离植皮治疗儿童下肢大面积皮肤缺损

    [摘要]目的:探討负压封闭引流技术(Vacuum sealing drainage,VSD)结合游离植皮治疗儿童下肢大面积皮肤缺损疗效,并对影响患儿生活质量的因素进行分析。方法:选取2014年1月-2019年1月笔者医院收治的下肢大面积皮肤缺损患儿95例,按照自愿原则与随机数表法分为观察组和对照组,对照组30例患儿采用游离植皮术治疗,观察组65例患儿在对照组的基础上结合VSD治疗。比较两组患儿的皮片成活时间、皮片成活率、换药次数、住院天数和生活质量,采用多因素Logistics回归法分析可能影响VSD结合游离植皮治疗患儿生活质量的相关因素。结果:观察组患儿皮片成活时间、换药次数与住院天数均小于对照组,皮片成活率大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组患儿的活动能力、心理健康、社交能力和生活质量总平均分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistics回归分析结果显示,皮肤受损面积、疼痛、焦虑和术后并发症是患儿生活质量的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论:VSD结合游离植皮治疗儿童下肢大面积皮肤缺损疗效显著,有助于改善患儿的生活质量,皮肤受损面积、疼痛、焦虑、术后并发症是影响患儿接受VSD结合游离植皮治疗后生活质量的相关因素。

    [关键词]负压封闭引流技术;游离植皮;儿童;下肢皮肤缺损;生活质量;影响因素

    [中图分类号]R622? ? [文献标志码]A? ? [文章编号]1008-6455(2021)01-0042-04

    VSD Combined with Free Skin Graft in the Treatment of Large Area Skin Defect of Lower Limbs in Children

    ZHANG Xiong

    (Department of Orthopedics,the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Changsha 410007,Hunan,China)

    Abstract: Objective? To explore the curative effect of vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) combined with free skin graft on children with lower limb large-area skin defects, and analyze the factors influencing their quality of life. Methods? 95 children with lower limb large-area skin defects who were admitted to the hospital between January 2014 and January 2019 were enrolled in the study. They were divided into the observation group and the control group by the random number table method. 30 children in the control group were treated with free skin graft, and 65 children in the observation group were treated with VSD on basis of the treatment for control group. The survival time and survival rate of skin grafts, frequency of dressing change, hospital stay and quality of life were compared between the two groups. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyze the related factors that might influence quality of life of children in the observation group. Results? The survival time of skin grafts, frequency of dressing change and hospital stay of observation group were shorter and lower than those of control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The survival rate of skin grafts was higher than that in control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the observation group had higher scores for activities, mental health, social function and total quality of life score than the control group (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that area of damaged skin, pain, anxiety and postoperative complications were factors influencing quality of life of children (P<0.05). Conclusion? VSD combined with free skin graft is markedly effective in the treatment of children with lower limb large-area skin defects. It is conducive to improving quality of life of children. The area of damaged skin, pain, anxiety and postoperative complications are factors influencing quality of life of children receiving VSD and free skin graft.

    Key words: vacuum sealing drainage; free skin graft; children; skin defect of lower limbs; quality of life; influencing factors

    下肢皮肤大面积缺损是临床上儿童较为常见的外科问题,引起下肢皮肤大面积缺损的因素较多,其临床特点为皮肤撕裂、皮下结缔组织撕脱,严重者神经、肌腱及骨关节折损裸露[1]。传统的游离植皮术是儿童下肢皮肤大面积缺损的常用治疗手段,但操作难度较大,易引起术后植皮感染、坏死,手术效果难以保障[2]。负压封闭引流技术(Vacuum sealing drainage,VSD)作为一种新型技术,能以特制敷料将创面覆盖,通过负压装置进行引流,使创面在负压环境下进行治疗,达到降低感染的目的[3]。本研究旨在探讨VSD结合游离植皮治疗儿童下肢大面积皮肤缺损疗效及对患儿生活质量的影响,取得了良好效果,现报道如下。

    1? 资料和方法

    1.1 临床资料:选取2014年1月-2019年1月笔者医院收治的下肢大面积皮肤缺损患儿95例,按照自愿原则与随机数表法分为观察组和对照组。对照组30例,男16例,女14例;年龄6~13岁,平均(8.33±2.31)岁;皮肤损伤原因:8例机器割伤,22例交通损伤;皮肤受损面积7cm×10cm~23cm×31cm;损伤类型:双下肢损伤7例,单下肢损伤12例,损伤肢体近端向远端撕脱(逆行撕脱)6例,损伤肢体远端向近端撕脱(顺行撕脱)5例。观察组65例,男34例,女31例;年龄5~14岁,平均(8.53±3.17)岁;皮肤损伤原因:机器割伤24例,交通损伤41例;皮肤受损面积8cm×10cm~25cm×35cm;损伤类型:双下肢损伤15例,单下肢损伤20例,损伤肢体近端向远端撕脱(逆行撕脱)18例,损伤肢体远端向近端撕脱(顺行撕脱)12例。两组患儿性别、年龄、皮肤受损情况及损伤面积等一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。

    1.2 纳入及排除标准:纳入标准:①患儿家属了解详情且同意进行研究;②年龄≥6岁,≤14周岁;③通过伦理委员会审批;④皮肤损伤面积>全身皮肤2%。排除标准:①精神异常或智力障碍者;②全身重要脏器功能异常及病变者。

    1.3 治疗方法

    1.3.1 观察组:以VSD为基础,结合游离植皮术对患儿实施治疗。术前准备:检测患儿的生命体征、受损严重程度,严重者进行补液输血,确保患儿生命特征稳定后,去除受损部位已坏死的皮肤及组织,在骨折处清理骨碎片,并对暴露的神经、骨关节进行修复、复位及固定,撕脱皮肤修薄回植;以生理盐水与双氧水交替对感染部位进行反复彻底清创并进行创面止血,待彻底止血后,以创面形状为导向对VSD敷料进行剪裁,剪裁原则是VSD敷料能将创面完全覆盖,随后将VSD敷料置于创面及回植皮肤上,并将特制半透膜覆盖在VSD敷料上后与引流器连接,调节负压引流器压力为0.03~0.06MPa,反复检查接口密封情况,给予患儿持续负压引流,使患儿创面处于完全密封状态;随后每日进行观察,如创面伤口出现感染,则重复清洗消毒,除去坏死组织的流程,重新进行覆盖VSD敷料,再次进行负压引流,直至创面恢复良好,恢复良好的标志是肉芽组织无脓性分泌物,符合要求后进行游离植皮术治疗。对患儿及其家属进行全方位的宣教,考虑到儿童的理解能力,以图片与视频的方式,帮助患儿及其家属了解手术过程与日常护理方法,消除顾虑。

    游离植皮术:再次清洗创面,将创面周围无活性的组织切除,以创面的形状为标准,制定取片方案,两组患儿的供区主要选用大腿、臀部或头部。创面较小的,选取大腿、臀部皮肤,以滚轴式取皮刀在患儿的大腿或臀部选择大小与厚度符合创面形状的中厚皮片备用,采用无菌凡士林纱布包扎供皮片处;创面缺损过大的,选用头部皮肤,全麻下头部皮下注射生理盐水+肾上腺素,使用滚轴式取皮刀切取符合创面性状的刃厚皮片备用。将取下的皮片与创面的边缘皮肤进行修整与缝合,采用VSD敷料将手术处进行包裹与覆盖,确保皮片与创面缝合处完全密封,将特制半透膜覆盖在VSD敷料上后继续维持负压引流,压力保持在0.03~0.06MPa。术后3d内给予患儿抗生素治疗,换药时用康合素+贝复剂外喷促进表皮生长,7~10d拆除VSD敷料,并对创面进行常规护理。

    1.3.2 对照组:采取游离植皮术进行治疗。采用传统方式进行换药促进肉芽组织生长,待无脓性分泌物时进行游离植皮术,缝扎完毕后使用组织剪在皮上打眼,1:3百克瑞盐水冲洗皮下,再用生长因子冲洗。以活性碳敷料对创面进行覆盖,并用弹力绷带进行加压包扎。术后3d内给予患儿抗生素治疗,5~7d打开包堆换药,7~10d拆除敷料,对创面进行常规护理。

    1.4 评价指标:①疗效指标评估:以皮片成活时间、皮片成活率、换药次数及住院天数为标准,对两组疗效进行评估;②生活质量评估:采用自制生活能力评估量表对患者的治疗情况与生活质量进行评估,包括活动能力、心理健康和社交能力,计算总平均分。其中,总评分<80分为生活质量较差,80分≤总评分<100分为生活质量一般,100分≤总评分<120分为生活质量良好,总评分≥120分为生活质量优质[4];③采用长海痛尺分级法[5-6]统计患儿的疼痛等级,0级为无疼痛,1级为轻微疼痛,2为较轻疼痛,3级为中度疼痛,4级为重度疼痛;④采用焦虑自评量表(Self-rating anxiety scale,SAS)[7]统计患儿的焦虑情绪,得分越高,焦虑情况越严重;⑤统计患儿术后并发症的发生情况,包括伤口感染、皮下水肿、皮片移动等。

    1.5 统计学分析:采用SPSS 18.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计数资料采用n(%)表示,行χ2检验,计量资料采用x?±s表示,两组间比较行独立样本t檢验,同组治疗前后比较行配对t检验;多因素分析以生活质量评分为因变量,采用Logistic回归分析。P<0.05提示差异有统计学意义。

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    [收稿日期]2020-01-15

    本文引用格式:张雄.VSD结合游离植皮治疗儿童下肢大面积皮肤缺损[J].中国美容医学,2021,30(1):42-45.