单侧功能性踝关节不稳者的单足静态平衡能力

    张阳++张秋霞++金超

    摘 要:为探讨单侧功能性踝关节不稳者的单足静态平衡能力特征,使用WIN-POD平衡仪对15名单侧功能性踝关节不稳者和15名正常人进行单足睁眼和单足闭眼状态下的静态平衡能力测试,测试时间为10 s。结果发现:(1)左侧足睁眼站立时,实验组包络面积和Y轴平均摆幅与对照组间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),闭眼站立时,除X和Y轴动摇速度,实验组其它指标与对照组间的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);(2)右侧足闭眼站立时,实验组包络面积和Y轴平均摆幅与对照组的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);(3)实验组睁眼站立时,患侧足与健侧足间包络面积的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),闭眼站立时,患侧足包络面积和Y轴平均摆幅与健侧足间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);(4)对照组闭眼站立时,除X和Y轴动摇速度,左足其它指标与右足间的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结果表明:与正常人相比,单侧功能性踝关节不稳者患侧足的平衡能力略弱于正常人相应侧足,并且也弱于健侧足;而健侧足的平衡能力则由于患侧足平衡能力的缺失,具有了一定的代偿功能,使其平衡能力有略好于正常人相应侧足的趋势。

    关 键 词:运动生物力学;功能性踝关节不稳;平衡能力;单足

    中图分类号:G804.6 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-7116(2014)05-0131-05

    The single foot static balancing ability of people suffering from

    single side functional ankle joint instability

    ZHANG Yang1,2,ZHANG Qiu-xia1,JIN Chao1

    (1.School of Physical Education,Soochow University,Suzhou 215021,China;

    2.School of Physical Education,Hefei Normal University,Hefei 230601,China)

    Abstract: In order to probe into the characteristics of the single foot static balancing ability of people suffering from single side functional ankle joint instability, the authors used a WIN-POD balancing instrument to test the static balancing ability of 15 people suffering from single side functional ankle joint instability and 15 normal people in eyes opened and shut single foot standing conditions for 10, and revealed the following findings: 1) in an eyes opened left foot standing condition, the differences in envelop area and axis Y shaking amplitude between the people in the experiment group and the people in the control group were statistically significant (P<0.05); in an eyes shut standing condition, except axes X and Y shaking speeds, the differences in other indexes between the people in the experiment group and people in the control group were statistically significant (P<0.05); 2) in an eyes shut right foot standing condition, the differences in envelop area and axis Y shaking amplitude between the people in the experiment group and the people in the control group were statistically significant (P<0.05); 3) for the people in the experiment group, in an eyes opened standing condition, the difference in envelop area between the ill foot and the healthy one was statistically significant (P<0.05), in an eyes shut standing condition, the differences in envelop area and average axis Y shaking amplitude between the ill foot and the healthy one were statistically significant (P<0.05); 4) for the people in the control group, in an eyes shut standing condition, except axes X and Y shaking speeds, the differences in other indexes between the left foot and the right one were all statistically significant (P<0.05). The said findings indicate the followings: for people suffering from single side functional ankle joint instability, the balancing ability of the ill foot is slightly weaker than that of the corresponding foot of normal people, and also weaker than that of the healthy foot, while the balancing ability of the healthy foot has a certain compensation function due to the lack of balancing ability of the ill foot, which results in that its balancing ability tends to be slightly better that of the corresponding foot of normal people.

    Key words: sports biomechanics;functional ankle joint instability;balancing ability;single foot

    踝关节扭伤是体育运动中最常见的运动损伤[1],大约占运动员总损伤比例的25%,并且其中85%的损伤涉及到踝关节单侧韧带损伤[2],尤其是在篮、排、足球等体育运动中损伤比例更大。人在第一次出现踝关节扭伤后人体会出现短暂的结构性不稳,这种不稳会在12周后康复[3],研究同时发现踝关节在第一次扭伤后,大约有30%~78%的人会出现踝关节的再次扭伤[4],久而久之形成功能性踝关节不稳(functional ankle instability,FAI),它的主要表现症状为疼痛、肌肉无力以及反复扭伤等。目前,FAI已经普遍存在于运动员当中,而FAI对人体平衡能力的影响直接关系到运动员成绩的优劣。Ross S等[5]通过单足站立实验发现,FAI者与正常人之间的平衡能力没有差异性;而Linens S等[6]通过对FAI者和正常人进行20 s单足站立实验,发现FAI者的单足平衡能力明显弱于正常人。这些研究客观地反映了FAI对人体平衡能力的影响,但是并未得出统一的结论,其主要原因是测试仪器不同、测试时视觉的控制以及测试过程中是否赤足等原因所致。对单侧FAI者来说,由于患侧足的存在,日常活动中对健侧足的依赖性可能更大,而学者却未对健侧足进行研究。

    有鉴于此,本研究以FAI者与正常人的单足静态平衡能力为研究内容,采用WIN-POD平衡功能检测系统对两者间单足静态平衡能力进行测试,通过包络面积和平均摆幅等运动学参数来反映功能性踝关节不稳对人体平衡能力的影响,为运动损伤的预防和康复训练提供理论依据。

    1 研究对象与方法

    1.1 研究对象

    3 讨论

    目前,对功能性踝关节不稳的研究主要集中于本体感觉、肌肉力量、中枢神经肌肉控制和平衡能力等方面[8-10],其中,静态平衡能力就是平衡能力的一种,它是指人在维持某一特定姿势时,控制身体重心的能力,如站立姿势的维持。本研究选用的评价指标主要是包络面积、平均动摇速度、X轴动摇速度和Y轴动摇速度等,各指标数值越大,表明人体的静态平衡能力越差。

    人体在步行时80%的时间都处于单足支撑的状态[11],而且单足支撑的平衡能力比双足支撑时要差,为此单足站立将更好的挑战平衡控制系统,发现两者间潜在的平衡缺失。由表1可知,在左侧足站立时,实验组大部分指标的值都高于对照组,尤其在闭眼站立时,这说明FAI者患侧足的静态平衡能力明显弱于正常人;同时,由表3和表4组内对比发现,对于正常人来说,闭眼时左足的平衡能力明显好于右足,而对于单侧FAI者,闭眼时患侧足(左足)的平衡能力明显弱于健侧足(右足),这说明单侧FAI者患侧足平衡能力的缺失是由于该足患有功能性踝关节不稳造成的。其原因可能在于,踝关节的反复损伤致使踝关节周围肌腱、皮肤等结构中的运动感受器受损,破坏其运动感觉功能[12],最终导致人体平衡能力的减弱。Carrie L. Docherty等[13]使用平衡误差评分系统对30名单侧FAI者和30名正常人进行平衡能力测试,结果发现单侧功能性踝关节不稳者在单足闭眼时,其静态平衡能力明显弱于正常者,这也证实本研究的准确性。SCOTT E.ROSS等[5]对14名(7男和7女)功能性踝关节不稳者和14名无踝关节损伤者进行单腿平衡实验来研究其静态平衡能力,结果发现两者间的静态平衡能力不存在显著性差异,但是作者认为,实验过程中受试者的测试时间相对较长和着运动鞋进行测试都影响两者间的差异;而本文研究过程中则有效地避开了这两点,更体现了研究的严谨性和科学性。Lauren C等[14]通过对20单侧慢性踝关节不稳者(CAI)和20名无踝关节损伤者进行星偏移测试,结果发现单侧CAI者患侧足的平衡能力不仅弱于正常人,也弱于单侧FAI者的健侧足,而本研究的结论正好与其一致。综上所述,对于单侧FAI者患侧足的静态平衡能力已基本达成共识:即患侧足的静态平衡能力不仅弱于正常人,也弱于单侧FAI者的健侧足。

    通过对健侧足站立的研究发现(表2),在健侧足睁眼站立时,两组间的平衡能力没有显著性差异;而在健侧足闭眼时,发现FAI者压力中心所形成曲线的最大闭合面积和在前后方向的平均偏移量明显小于正常人的相应侧,并且其它指标的值也都小于正常人的相应侧,这说明FAI者健侧足的平衡能力有略好于正常人的趋势。其可能原因是单侧FAI者患侧足的平衡能力缺失使其健侧足具备了一定的代偿功能以及闭眼测试时视觉的缺失放大了两组间平衡能力的差异性。Lauren C等[14]对单侧CAI者和正常人进行星偏移测试,结果却发现单侧CAI者健侧足的平衡能力与正常人匹配侧足之间无显著性变化,并且还略有降低的趋势,而造成这种结果的原因可能为星偏移测试主要用于动态平衡能力的评价或者受试者略有不同所致。与此同时,也有研究发现,单侧踝关节损伤后,患侧的姿势控制能力明显降低,而健侧的姿势控制缺失却在损伤后的第四周才能发现[15],并且另有研究证实双侧的姿势控制缺失确实存在,只是双侧的缺失程度不同而已[16]。而本研究结果与国外研究的不同对单侧踝关节损伤者的临床康复具有一定的启示作用,即临床上用健侧肢体的平衡作为正常姿势控制的参照物应当慎重[17],因为双侧平衡能力的缺失可能掩盖姿势控制的障碍;如用健侧的平衡能力作为患侧康复的标准,可能会对病人平衡能力产生不恰当的结论,进而导致患者提前活动,诱导踝关节重复扭伤。所以,临床上最好用一个健康群体或者是损伤前的平衡能力基线作为恢复的标准。

    目前,通过进一步的研究发现,平衡能力的缺失不仅是运动损伤产生的一个危险因素,而且平衡控制的缺失更有可能导致踝关节未来损伤的再次发生[18]。所以,一些球队已经用赛季前平衡能力的状况来预测赛季中运动员新韧带损伤情况[19],而这些也证明了对功能性踝关节不稳者进行平衡能力研究的重要性和实用性。但是,本研究依然存在一些不足,如所选单侧FAI者的患侧足全部为左足,受试者相对较单一(都为男性);静态平衡测试可能相对较简单不能很好检测出单侧FAI者中患侧与健侧之间的差异,并且静态平衡控制也不是日常生活动作的最佳选择[20],而对FAI者进行动态平衡测试可能更有实用价值;鉴于本研究对单侧FAI者健侧足的研究结论与国外研究的不一致以及健侧足在单侧踝关节损伤者的临床康复中具有重要参考性的价值,所以,对单侧踝关节不稳者健侧足的研究尤为重要;而这些亦是未来对功能性踝关节不稳者平衡能力研究的主要方向。

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    [16] Evans T,Hertel J,Sebastianelli W. Bilateral deficits in postural control following lateral ankle sprain[J]. Foot & Ankle International,2004,25(11):833-839.

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    [19] McGuine T A,Greene J J,Best T,et al. Balance as a predictor of ankle injuries in high school basketball players[J]. Clin J Sport Med,2000,10(4):239-244.

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    [15] Wikstrom E,Naik S,Lodha N,et al. Balance capabilities after lateral ankle trauma and intervention: a meta-analysis[J]. Medicine And Science In Sports And Exercise,2009,41(6):1287-1295.

    [16] Evans T,Hertel J,Sebastianelli W. Bilateral deficits in postural control following lateral ankle sprain[J]. Foot & Ankle International,2004,25(11):833-839.

    [17] McKeon P,Hertel J. Systematic review of postural control and lateral ankle instability.Part 1:can deficits be detected with instrumented testing[J]. Journal of Athletic Training,2008,43(3):293-304.

    [18] Arnold B,De la Motte S,Linens S,et al. Ankle instability is associated with balance impairments:A meta-analysis[J]. Medicine & Science In Sports & Exercise,2009,41(5):1048-1062.

    [19] McGuine T A,Greene J J,Best T,et al. Balance as a predictor of ankle injuries in high school basketball players[J]. Clin J Sport Med,2000,10(4):239-244.

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