从what with...and (what with)谈起

    【摘要】在现代英语中,我们常可见到“what with...and (what with)”短语在句中用来列举原因或理由,语气较强。这样的短语主要可以分为三类: 一、多用于指不愉快的事情的起因,例如:What with fatigue and what with hunger, I could not walk any further. 部分由于疲劳,部分由于饥饿,我再也走不动了。二是表示通过某种方法或手段,例如:What by (taking) bribes and what by extortions, he made a lot of money. 一方面由于受贿,一方面由于勒索,他弄了很多钱。三是用来表示原因,例如:What between internal trouble and external intervention, the people of the country are leading a precarious life. 由于内忧外患,这个国家的人民过着动荡不安的生活。

    【关键词】what with; and what with

    【作者简介】刘浩,河南科技职业大学公共基础教学部。

    在英语中,what with...and what with是一个惯用结构,多用来列举原因或理由,比表示原因或理由的介词with语气强。但它与what by...and what by这个惯用结构不同。此外,我们还可以见到what for...and what for, what through...and what through等,下面分别谈谈这些结构的含义和用法。

    what with...and what with意思是“部分因为……部分因为”“一方面因为……一方面因为”“一半因为……一半因为”“或由于……或由于”,用于列举原因或理由,多用于指不愉快的事情的起因。

    1. what with...and what with后面跟名词(短语)。例如:

    What with fatigue and what with hunger, I could not walk any further. 部分由于疲劳,部分由于饥饿,我再也走不动了。

    What with the heat and what with the humidity, we really suffered. 一方面因为天气炎热,另一方面因为湿度太大,我们这回可真受罪。

    What with drink and what with fright, he did not know what to say. 一方面由于喝了酒,一方面因为惊恐,他不知道该说什么。

    What with overwork and what with dystrophy, he fell ill. 一半由于工作过度劳累,一半由于营养不良,他病倒了。

    What with their inferior equipment and what with their outdated technique, they failed to fulfill their annual production plan last year. 一方面由于设备差,一方面由于技术落后,他們去年没有完成年度生产计划。

    2.可省略后面的what with,仅用what with...and…。例如:

    What with the cold weather and my leg is not good, I haven't been out for weeks. 由于天气寒冷,我的腿又不太好,我已经几个星期没有出门了。

    What with undernourishment and ill treatment, the boy was all skin and bones. 一半因为营养不良,一半因为受虐待,这男孩瘦得皮包骨头。

    What with rained all the time and a bad hotel, we didn't enjoy our holiday much. 由于连续下雨,旅馆又差,我们的假日过得不怎么样。

    3.有时可将后面的and what with整个省略,仅用what with说出一种原因或理由。例如:

    What with a series of violent storms, his return was delayed. 由于暴风骤雨接二连三地发生,他的归期被推迟了。

    What with the prices so high, I can't afford a new car. 由于价格很高,我买不起新汽车。

    What with his indolence, he was occupied with nothing in his freshman year. 由于他懒惰成性,他的大学一年级可以说是无所事事。

    What with the bad weather, this spring I wasn't able to do much gardening. 由于天气不好,今年春天我未能做多少园艺活。

    4.有时,也可用多个(三个或三个以上)what with引出多个原因或理由。例如:

    What with the war, what with the sweat, what with the gallows, and what with the poverty, I am custom-shrunk. 由于战火纷飞,劳役繁重,人命危浅,贫穷潦倒,我的生活也缩水了。

    但是,在陈述多个原因时,为了表达上的简洁,从第二个原因起,经常省略what with。例如:

    What with cars, sports, mobile phones and friends, young people are having a richer life than the older generation. 由于拥有汽车、运动、手机、朋友,年轻人的生活比老一辈人更加丰富。

    What with the air and the exercise and the good food he began to recover his spirits. 一方面因为(新鲜)空气,另一方面因为运动,再一方面因为美食,他的情绪开始恢复了。

    What with rain, wind, snow and frosts, we have had a wretched month for weather. 又是风雨,又是霜雪,我们这个月的天气糟透了。

    5.what with...and (what with)多位于句子前面,但也可以位于句子后面。例如:

    We have had a awful month for weather, what with rain, wind, snow and frosts. 这个月的天气糟透了,又是风雨,又是霜雪。

    I couldn't visit you, what with the snowstorm and the cold I had. 我不能去拜访你,一方面是因为暴风雪,一方面是因为我感冒了。

    The house wasn't hard to find, what with all the flowers around it. 那座房子的四周都是鲜花,所以并不难找。

    6.what with...and (what with)后还可接动词的-ing 形式。例如:

    What with having no exercise and being overweight he had a heart attack. 由于没有锻炼,加之身体超重,他心脏病突然发作了。

    What with writing, lecturing, and attending to the duties of my office, I am so busy that I scarcely have time to eat. 由于写书、讲课,再加上处理办公室的公务,我忙得几乎没有时间吃饭。

    What with teaching, and what with dancing, his time is wholly taken up. 一方面要教学,一方面要跳舞,他的时间全被占去了。

    What with reaping the wheat and what with planting the rice, the time passed quickly. 一方面由于收割麦子,一方面由于栽种稻谷,所以时间很快就过去了。

    7.有时,还可见到what with...and what with后接名词和动词的–ing形式混用的现象。例如:

    What with hard work and what with taking almost no care of himself, he became quite ill. 一方面由于工作太累,一方面因为几乎不关心自己,他完全病倒了。

    what by…and (what by)意思是“一方面用……,一方面用”“一方面通过……,一方面通过”“或由于……或由于……”,多表示通过某种方法或手段。what by…and (what by)后既可以跟名词,也可以跟动词的-ing形式。例如:

    What by threats, and what by entreaties, he accomplished his purpose. 一方面威胁,一方面恳求(一方面来硬的,一方面来软的),他达到目的了。

    What by policy and (what by) force, the English made themselves masters of all India in 1876. 英国人在1876年一半靠策略一半靠兵力征服了整个印度。

    What by (taking) bribes and what by extortions, he made a lot of money. 一方面由于受贿,一方面由于勒索,他弄了很多钱。

    不过,what by…and (what by)有时也含有原因的意味。例如:

    What by smoking heavily and drinking heavily, he became sick at last. 一方面烟抽得多,一方面酒喝得多,他最终生病了。

    what between…and…意思是“由于某种原因……以及某种原因”,用来表示原因,例如:

    What between internal trouble and external intervention, the people of the country are leading a precarious life. 由于内忧外患,这个国家的人民过着动荡不安的生活。

    What between their work and studies and examinations, those spare-time college students have no time left for recreational activities. 由于又要工作,又要學习和考试,那些业余大学的学生无暇进行文娱活动。

    What between cooking, cleaning, washing, sewing and knitting, she was very busy. 因为要做饭、清扫卫生、洗衣、缝补和针织,所以她非常忙。

    what for (through)…and what for (through)意思是“一方面因为……一方面因为”“或由于……或由于”,也用来表示原因,但不如what with...what with普通。例如:

    What for official duty and what for personal business, I have no leisure. 由于公务、私务都很忙,我毫无余暇。

    What for the heavy rain and what for his not knowing the way, he was late. 由于雨太大,再加上路不熟悉,所以他迟到了。

    What through the bad weather and what through the heavy load on board, the freight train was late in getting to station. 一方面由于天气不好,一方面由于负载过重,火车晚点到站。

    What through the high price of provisions and what through occasional sickness, the family found it very difficult to live on the income. 一方面由于物价高涨,一方因为由于时有生病,这个家庭的收入难以维持生计。

    参考文献:

    [1]Hornby A S,赵翠莲,邹晓玲等(译).牛津高阶英汉双解辞典》(第8版)[M].商务印书馆,2014.

    [2]薄冰.薄冰英语惯用法词典[M].商务印书馆国际有限公司,2009.

    [3]董谊婷.what with...and what with的用法[J].英语知识,1994,4.

    [4]弗雷德里克·T·伍德(著).鲍志一,杨达志(译).英语通俗成语词典[M].云南人民出版社,1980.

    [5]贺立民.贺氏英文法全书(修订版,上册)[M].中国科学技术出版社,1995.

    [6]陆谷孙.英汉大词典(缩印本)[M].上海译文出版社,1993.

    [7]钱歌川.翻译的技巧[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1980.

    [8]王福祯.英语词语用法详解词典[M].商务印书馆,2014.

    [9]武汉大学英文系.英语习语大词典[M].商务印书馆,2000.

    [10]张道真.现代英语用法词典(五卷本)[M].上海译文出版社,1987.

    [11]張维.英语疑难词典(修订版[M].外语教学与研究出版社,2002.

    [12]赵振才.英语常见问题解答大词典[M].黑龙江人民出版社, 1998.