磁共振成像技术结合线性测量法在乳腺癌术后一期假体置入乳房再造中的应用

    李晟 傅荣

    [摘要]目的:探讨磁共振成像技术结合线性测量法在乳腺癌术后一期假体置入乳房再造中的临床应用价值。方法:共纳入34例乳腺癌患者,采用磁共振成像技术结合线性测量法测量乳房,选取合适规格大小的假体。术后随访6~24个月,分析患者双侧乳房对称性指标、美容效果及术后并发症情况。结果:患者患侧与健侧乳房相关对称性参数(SN-N、C-N、N-M、MBW、N-IMF)比较差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05)。主观美容效果评价采用Harris评价方法,美观率为84.85%;客观美容效果评价采用泽井法标准,美观率为81.82%。患者术后生存率100.00%,并发症发生率为8.82%。结论:磁共振成像技术结合线性测量法可较准确地测量乳房腺体体积、所需假体基底直径、纵径及凸度,提供较为完整的乳房再造术前信息,可作为乳腺癌术后一期假体置入乳房再造中选择合适假体的一种参考方法。

    [关键词]乳房再造;假体隆乳术;乳腺癌;磁共振成像

    [中图分类号]R737.9? ? [文献标志码]A? ? [文章编号]1008-6455(2021)01-0024-04

    Application of MRI Combined with Linear Measurement in Primary Breast Reconstruction Prosthesis Implantation after Breast Cancer Surgery

    LI Sheng1,2,FU Rong3

    (1.Zunyi Medical University,Zunyi 563003,Guizhou,China;2.Department of Plastic Surgery,Guangyuan Central Hospital,Guangyuan 628000,Sichuan,China;3.Department of Plastic Surgery,Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences,Sichuan Provincial Peoples Hospital,Chengdu 610072,Sichuan,China)

    Abstract: Objective? To explore the application of MRI combine with linear measurement in primary breast reconstruction prosthesis implantation after breast cancer surgery. Methods? A total of 34 patients with breast cancer were included. The breast was measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with linear measurement, and the prosthesis with appropriate size was selected. The patients all were followed up for 6-24 months,the date of breast symmetry, cosmetic result and complications were recorded and analysed. Results? There were no significant difference in symmetry parameters (SN-N, C-N, N-M, MBW, N-IMF) between the affected side and the contralateral side(P>0.05). In the subjective evaluation, using Harris questionnaire, the aesthetic rate was 84.85%. In the objective evaluation,using Zejin standard, the aesthetic rate was 81.82%. The postoperative survival rate was 100.00%, and the incidence of postoperative complications was 8.82%. Conclusion? The application of MRI combine with linear measurement can effectively measure the volume of breast, height, width and convexity, which has clinical application, and can be considered as a reference method in the immediate implant breast reconstruction surgery.

    Key words: breast reconstruction; augmentation mammoplasty with prosthesis; breast cancer; magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)

    乳腺癌是女性最常見的恶性肿瘤之一,我国乳腺癌发病率居女性恶性肿瘤第二位,且呈逐年上升及年轻化趋势,2008年-2015年乳腺癌的发病率及死亡率增加了近18%[1-3]。一期假体置入乳房再造术的目的是为乳房切除的患者重塑一对美观对称的乳房,因此选择合适的假体尤为重要,迄今为止,选择合适体积及形态的假体仍是乳房再造术的难点。假体的外观类似乳房,选择假体时不仅只关注体积大小,而且必须兼顾横径(基底直径)、凸度和纵径这些因素[4-6]。本研究采用乳腺外科和整形外科合作的方式,患者采用磁共振成像技术结合线性测量法测量乳房参数,根据测量结果为患者选择合适的乳房假体,用于一期假体置入乳房再造术,并于术后统计患者双乳对称性、美容效果、并发症等指标,获得较好的临床效果,现报道如下。

    2.2 术后乳房美容效果:比较之前需排除1例取出假体的患者。主观评价结果显示:优8例,良20例,一般4例,差1例,美观率为84.85%。客观评价结果显示:优秀7例,良好20例,一般6例,失败0例,美观率为81.82%。

    2.3 术后并发症发生情况:随访结果显示患者术后生存率100.00%,无肿瘤复发,术后1例患者出现感染,经积极换药治疗感染得到有效控制,但是该患者术后由于感染所致形成中度包膜挛缩,乳房变形;1例患者术后出现血清肿现象,经彩超检查后确认积液较多,给予安置引流管处理;1例患者出现严重的排异反应,取出假体后创面完全愈合。患者术后总并发症发生率为8.82%。

    2.4 典型病例:某女,38岁,因“发现左乳肿块1个月”入院,术后诊断:左乳浸润性乳腺癌。患者在笔者医院行左乳保留乳头乳晕的皮下腺体切除+同侧腋窝淋巴结清扫+假体置入术,术前行乳腺MRI检查,软件测得体积308.4ml,选择305ml高凸水滴假体。术后第6个月复查,双乳对称性良好,患者满意,见图3~4。

    3? 讨论

    虽然一期假体置入乳房再造术降低了二期乳房再造时的风险性和费用,但是假体大小、形态的选择一直是个难点,直接影响着术后美观效果[12-13]。由于磁共振对软组织分辨率较高,能够清晰区分腺体与周围组织,在测量腺体体积时具有独特的优势,已成为乳房体积测量的主要研究方向。本研究旨在探讨磁共振成像技术结合线性测量法在一期假体置入乳房再造中的临床应用价值,为临床上一期乳房再造提供新的研究方法。

    假体及乳房的形态并不是由体积一个因素所决定的,而是由体积、横径(基底直径)、凸度和纵径四个参数所决定的,厂家制作假体时主要参照上述参数进行生产,以实现术后双乳的对称与美观[4-6]。研究将磁共振测量法与线性法联合使用,在对患者腺体体积进行测量时还综合考虑到乳房的横径、凸度和纵径等参数,使假体选择更接近于患者的真实情况,为乳房再造提供数字化理论依据,与国内外相关研究结果相一致。Rudolph和Forcier[14]在进行乳房假体置换及全乳切除手术的患者中,验证了根据乳房磁共振选择乳房假体的可靠性;Kim等[15]介绍了磁共振在自体组织乳房再造和假体置入乳房再造中的应用,研究发现磁共振测量的乳腺体积与切除乳腺标本的平均体积存在密切关系,磁共振可测得可靠的假体体积。本研究通过术后随访,从医师术后的测量、主客观评价方面,证明磁共振成像技术结合线性测量法在一期乳房再造中具有一定的优势和准确性,能为术前假体大小、径线的测量提供较为准确、详细的参考。

    本研究选用磁共振基于以下几方面的考虑[16-20]:①磁共振属于电磁辐射,不产生任何具有放射性的辐射,对人体不具有伤害性;②磁共振对人体软组织具有较高的分辨率,能够清晰地显示胸大肌、皮下脂肪与乳房腺体三者的分界,继而较为准确地测量腺体体积;③磁共振对肿瘤良恶性的诊断能提供重要参考价值,可作为术前乳腺肿块有效检查之一;④磁共振对肿瘤范围可以做出有效的界定,判断局部皮肤或胸大肌有无浸润;⑤磁共振术前可以有效评估乳房皮下脂肪层厚度,以便于术中保留较厚的皮瓣,防止皮瓣过薄而缺血坏死,为手术医师提供参考;⑥因为硅胶假体在T2上有特殊的信号,所以磁共振可用于术后测量假体的体积及观察评估假体是否有破裂。磁共振的应用也存在一定的缺陷,主要在于在腺体范围勾画时存在一定的误差;术前需要行乳腺增强磁共振检查,检查费用较高,不易被患者所接受,且耗时长。

    磁共振在乳房再造中的发展和应用展望:本次研究由于病例数、时间等条件所限,仅探讨了磁共振在单纯应用假体置入乳房再造中的应用价值,而磁共振的应用还可以更为广泛和深入,比如:①对于较常规的乳房整形手术,如:隆乳术后假体置换,磁共振可以测量隆乳术后假体体积等[21],以便于后期更换同样型号的假体;②应用于自体肌皮瓣的移植联合假体置入进行乳房再造,评估所需自体组织的体积,有利于减少创伤,及减少组织量不足或者过多的情况;③在未来,将会进行乳房磁共振的三维重建,模拟假体置入后乳房的形态;④或将磁共振与3D打印技术相结合,为个人定制更加个性化的假体。

    综上所述,磁共振成像技术结合线性测量法可以较准确地测量乳房皮下腺体体积、所需假体基底直径、纵径及凸度,具有一定的临床研究价值,可作为一期乳房再造中选择合适假体的一种参考方法,可进一步探讨及应用。

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    [收稿日期]2020-03-23

    本文引用格式:李晟,傅荣.磁共振成像技术结合线性测量法在乳腺癌术后一期假体置入乳房再造中的应用[J].中国美容医学,2021,30(1):24-27.